Imagers and Optics

Image sensors and optical assemblies selected by flown and qualified planetary robotics programs.

The recurring constraint for detectors on Mars is time rather than radiation: an e2v CCD accumulates dark noise and hot and cold pixels over the mission, and the answer adopted on Mars 2020 is operational rather than a different part [2]. See Notable results below.

Detectors and optics selected and flown

Part	Manufacturer	Used by	Source
CCD 42-10	e2v	curiosity (ChemCam), perseverance (SuperCam, SHERLOC)	[1][2][3]
CCD-224	e2v	curiosity (CheMin)	[6]
KAI-2020CM, KAI-2020M	ON Semiconductor	curiosity (MAHLI), perseverance (3 cameras)	[4][5][2]
CMV4000	AMS CMOSIS	perseverance (SuperCam Remote Micro-Imager)	[7]
IMX264	Sony	ipex (early stereo build)	[8]
IMX547	Sony	ipex (current stereo build)	[8]

Ratings and qualification results

CCD 42-10, e2v: a back-illuminated spectrometer CCD [1]. Ratings: 2048 x 515 active pixels on ChemCam and 512 x 2048 on SHERLOC, 13.5 micron square pixels, image area about 27.6 x 6.9 mm; operated in low-noise advanced inverted mode on ChemCam, with an ultraviolet enhanced coating on SHERLOC [1][2][3]. Qualification: The ChemCam grade-zero units were commercially specified apart from an anti-etalon coating on the VNIR device, and were factory-screened with 100 thermal cycles between -55 and +70 C plus a 72 hour burn-in at 125 C before delivery [1]. For SHERLOC the detector leads were replaced with short flexible wires and relief loops so they flex with temperature rather than fracture [2]. The three programs report the active area transposed relative to each other and do not reconcile the convention [1][2][3].
CCD-224, e2v. Deep-depleted frame transfer CCD used as a photon-counting X-ray detector. Ratings: 600 x 1182 pixels, of which a 600 x 582 area collects and a 600 x 600 shielded area receives the transfer; 40 x 40 micron pixels; 50 micron deep-depleted silicon; front surface passivation thinned over much of the active area [6]. Qualification: Frame transfer removes the need for an X-ray shutter or beam blanking, so collection runs continuously through 5 to 30 s exposures. The large pixel makes a greater fraction of X-ray photons deposit their charge in a single pixel rather than splitting it [6]. The ground CheMin IV units use an e2v 5530 at 1200 x 1152 instead and reach comparable 2-theta resolution [6].
KAI-2020CM, KAI-2020M, ON Semiconductor, formerly Truesense Imaging and before that Kodak. Interline transfer CCD, flown on MAHLI and on Mastcam-Z, WATSON and the SHERLOC Autofocus Context Imager. Ratings: MAHLI reports 1640 x 1214 pixels of 7.4 x 7.4 microns including buffer and dark rows; SHERLOC quotes the same part as 1600 x 1200 [4]. No cover glass, per-pixel microlenses. Quantum efficiency is given as about 40 percent on average by MAHLI and as a peak of about 40 percent by Mastcam-Z, which are not the same claim [4]. CM is Bayer color, M is grayscale; ACI uses the grayscale part because it observes only 500 to 600 nm [4][5][2]. Qualification: Flown on two rovers across five instruments from August 2012 and February 2021. Camera heads are qualified to a nominal Mars operating range of -40 to +40 C with the board sandwiched between housings acting as radiation shielding [5].
CMV4000, AMS CMOSIS. Off-the-shelf low-noise CMOS image sensor. Ratings: 1024 x 1024 per Bayer color plane, four planes; per-pixel microlenses applied during CMOS encapsulation; 10 to 13 bits, extended to 13 by combining 7 frames in high dynamic range mode and always coded in 16 [7]. Qualification: Packaged by 3D Plus into a cube with a 3 Mgate FPGA and a dedicated anti-latch-up circuit, a packaging approach already flown on Rosetta, Curiosity and ExoMars. CNES qualified the Bayer filter positioning on the detector for this application and the relative response between the four filters was checked at component level [7]. Delivered 18.8 mrad field of view with distortion under 2.25 percent and about 10 microradian pixel instantaneous field of view over -40 to +30 C [7].
IMX264, Sony, as flown in the FLIR BFS-GE-88S6M-BD2 camera. Global shutter CMOS imager. Ratings: 8.9 MP at 13 fps, 3.45 micron pixel, monochrome, used with a Kowa LM6JC 6 mm C-mount lens [8]. Qualification: Survived random vibration to GEVS acceptance and qualification levels in all axes, then 2x and 3x GEVS qualification levels, then Falcon 9 half-sine shock, with sensors powered before and after each run to check for dead pixels; no fractures or breakage were found. It also survived actuation of the Frangibolt hold-down release, which ejects the lens about 15.2 cm from the body in Earth gravity, and continued to function [8].
IMX547, Sony. Global shutter CMOS imager. Ratings: 5 MP at a 2.74 micron pixel, chosen so a smaller S-mount lens can cover the format [8]. Qualification: Selected after C-mount COTS lenses proved unsuitable: they were difficult to vent in vacuum, outgassed from the adjustment mechanism grease, and added variable aperture and focus mechanisms. S-mount lenses have a fixed aperture and no moving parts. An aperture of f/4 with 6 mm and 4.4 mm focal lengths is under evaluation against lunar contrast extremes [8].

Screening recipes and detector aging

A commercially specified CCD carried a published screening recipe across three instruments and two rovers. The ChemCam e2v 42-10 units were grade-zero parts, off the shelf in terms of specification apart from an anti-etalon coating on the VNIR device, and were screened before delivery with 100 thermal cycles between -55 and +70 C plus a 72 hour burn-in at 125 C, in addition to the normal factory testing for commercial units [1]. The same part family flew again on SuperCam [3] and on SHERLOC, where the qualification change was mechanical: the detector leads were replaced with short flexible wires and relief loops so they flex with temperature rather than fracture [2].

A detector aging mode found on one flight became an operational design requirement on the next. ChemCam established that the e2v device may exhibit increased dark noise and hot and cold pixels as a function of time [2]. SHERLOC therefore precedes every spectral acquisition with a dark acquisition, giving a noise value for the detector at the current temperature, and takes intermittent 2D acquisitions to find hot or dark pixels so they can be uploaded back to the instrument and excluded from the automated analysis. As those noise values change with time, operations are modified to hold detection sensitivity. The mitigation costs an acquisition per measurement and no hardware.

Optics and mounting

Two mechanical results in this class are worth more than the sensor specifications. The IPEx stereo pair was originally split across opposite shoulders of the machine for a 16.5 cm baseline, and the structural chain between the two heads deflected and expanded enough to put stereo calibration at risk; combining both cameras into one housed unit traded depth accuracy at range for a calibration that holds [8]. On SuperCam the imaging path is shared with a laser focusing telescope, and the field of view is the compromise that fell out of that: 18.8 mrad, reached over several iterations, against a -40 to +30 C operating range [7].

Mast pointing, expected and achieved

The pointing figure a mast-mounted instrument is designed against is set on the ground and carries a named gap. ChemCam accuracy was expected to be within plus or minus 5 mrad on the basis of rover system thermal testing with the flight window and remote sensing mast articulation, against rock slab panels at about 2.7 and 4.7 m, with inter-point spacing inside a line scan good to 0.2 mrad [1]. Pointing stability under Martian conditions, wind speeds among them, was left to be checked after landing rather than verified in that test [1].

Flight experience moved the achieved figure and the requirement in opposite directions. The Mars 2020 remote sensing mast is specified at plus or minus 9.5 mrad, 2 sigma per axis in elevation and azimuth relative to the Rover Mechanical Frame, which is open loop and is not enough for SuperCam [3]. Open loop with two way-points reaches about 2 mrad on the basis of Curiosity operational experience, but the distribution carries outliers. SuperCam targets subtend less than 1 mrad, so the instrument closes the loop on its own Remote Micro-Imager images to reach plus or minus 1 mrad, falling to plus or minus 2 mrad where full-resolution Navcam images are used without way-points [3].

The science cameras above are one part of the flown record. The engineering cameras of one rover carry four more detectors, three of them commercial parts flown with a design factor rather than a dose [9].

Part	Manufacturer	Used by	Source
CMV-20000	AMS CMOSIS	perseverance (Navcam, Hazcam, Cachecam)	[9]
Python 5000	ON Semiconductor	perseverance (Lander Vision System)	[9]
Python 1300	ON Semiconductor	perseverance (EDL cameras)	[9]
IMX265	Sony	perseverance (Rover Downlook Camera)	[9]
CCD47-20 AIMO	e2v	hayabusa2 (ONC-T, W1, W2)	[13]
STAR1000 APS	Not named	rosalind-franklin (PanCam)	[14]
ECAM-P50	Malin Space Science Systems	mev-2 tracking	[15]
SPAD512	PiImaging	LunaLab analog dataset	[16]
PC-14XS CCD camera	Supercircuits	Planetary Aerobot Testbed	[17]
OV3642	OmniVision	IPEX cubesat	[18]

Ratings and qualification results

CMV-20000, AMS CMOSIS. Commercial CMOS imager in the Perseverance Navcam, Hazcam and Cachecam. Ratings: 15000 electrons of full well, 8 electrons rms read noise, 0.24 DN per electron of conversion gain, 66 dB of dynamic range and a peak signal to noise ratio of 41.8 dB [9]. Quantum efficiency with microlenses is 64.5 percent, printed in the source against a wavelength of 55 nm, which is a typographical error for 550 nm. Qualification: quoted at 20 krad(Si) with a radiation design factor of two, that is a 10 krad mission requirement carried at twice margin, and stated to meet the mission total dose performance requirement [9]. No facility, dose rate, bias condition or degradation criterion is given, so this is an engineering qualification figure and not a campaign.
Python 5000, ON Semiconductor [9]. Monochrome CMOS imager, 2592 by 2048 pixels at 4.8 microns, in the Perseverance Lander Vision System camera. Ratings: flown for the descent phase only. Qualification: a radiation design factor greater than 10, given in place of a dose and with no test conditions [9].
Python 1300, ON Semiconductor [9]. RGB color CMOS imager, 1280 by 1024 pixels at 4.8 microns, inside the FLIR Chameleon3 CM3-U3-13Y3C-CS cameras used for entry, descent and landing. Ratings: commercial cameras flown for a few minutes. Qualification: no radiation rating is quoted for the part or the camera.
IMX265, Sony [9]. Commercial CMOS imager, 2048 by 1536 pixels at 3.45 microns, inside the FLIR CM3-U3-31S4C-CS used as the Rover Downlook Camera. Ratings: commercial camera flown for the descent. Qualification: none published.
CCD47-20 AIMO, e2v [13]. Inverted-mode-operation CCD, 1056 by 1024 pixels at 13 micron pitch, the same part in all three Hayabusa2 optical navigation cameras. Ratings: 12 bit conversion at 3 MHz sampling [13]. Qualification: measured gains of 20.95, 20.86 and 20.11 electrons per DN and read noise of 38.5, 36.3 and 37.0 electrons for ONC-T, W1 and W2, with full wells of 91000, 84000 and 96000 electrons [13]. Three units of one part type differ by about 4 percent in gain and by 13 percent in full well.
STAR1000 APS, vendor not named in the source. Active pixel sensor in the Rosalind Franklin PanCam. Ratings: quantum efficiency times fill factor above 20 percent from 470 to 710 nm, falling to 7 percent at 400 nm and 3 percent at 1000 nm [14]. The wide-angle camera geology filter bands were widened at both spectral extremes specifically to hold integration time roughly constant against that rolloff. Qualification: a vendor and heritage figure of 100 krad total dose, cited by the instrument team to justify a cruise of one and a half to two years near solar maximum, and not measured in that work [14].
ECAM-P50, Malin Space Science Systems [15]. One-inch format global shutter camera with a low-distortion radiation-hardened optic, two units used for long-range tracking on the Mission Extension Vehicle 2 among 21 cameras on the vehicle. Ratings: 32 by 25 degrees per frame at 22 mm effective focal length, a vendor specification [15]. Qualification: none published.
SPAD512, PiImaging. Single-photon avalanche diode camera, the first in a published lunar analog robotics dataset. Ratings: 512 by 512 pixels at 16.38 micrometer pitch and 1 bit depth, with a 14.88 mm f/1.4 lens giving 35.5 by 35.5 degrees, mounted 470 mm above the ground [16]. Qualification: none. The source publishes the specification and defers the comparison against a conventional monochrome camera to separate work.
PC-14XS CCD camera, Supercircuits. Commercial board camera on the Planetary Aerobot Testbed, one for ground imaging and one as a crude sun sensor. Ratings: 86 degrees with a 3.6 mm lens, 0.2 lux, 380 lines, 1.92 W and 11 g each [17]. Qualification: none published.
OV3642, OmniVision [18]. Commercial 3 megapixel CMOS imager flown on the IPEX cubesat. Ratings: 1.75 micron pixel pitch behind a 4 mm lens, 67 ms integration time, 0.025 degrees of instantaneous field of view [18]. Qualification: covered by the ground dose campaign in the next section rather than by a flight result [10].

Commercial CMOS imagers characterized against total dose and displacement damage

Five commercial imagers were run at the JPL cobalt-60 facility and at the UC Davis cyclotron under a NASA commercial sensor survey, with imaging quality rather than a parametric limit as the pass criterion [10][11].

Part	Manufacturer	Facility	Source
MT9D131	Aptina	JPL cobalt-60, UC Davis cyclotron	[11]
MT9P031	Micron	JPL cobalt-60, UC Davis cyclotron	[10]
MT9T031	Micron	JPL cobalt-60, UC Davis cyclotron	[10]
OV3630	OmniVision	JPL cobalt-60, UC Davis cyclotron	[10]
OV3642	OmniVision	JPL cobalt-60, UC Davis cyclotron	[10]
OV5633	OmniVision	JPL cobalt-60, UC Davis cyclotron	[10]
TH7890M CCD	Atmel	Rensselaer Gaerttner LINAC	[12]

Campaign results

MT9D131, Aptina. Two megapixel CMOS system on chip. Ratings: powered in video mode at ambient temperature, with qualitatively unchanged color bar imaging as the criterion [11]. Qualification: 5 krad(Si) powered, 10 krad(Si) unbiased, with noticeable degradation already present at 10 krad powered and both imaging and system-on-chip function lost at 20 krad. Powered degradation at 20 krad(Si) was much more severe than the same dose delivered unpowered, and loss at 30 krad was qualitatively the same as at 20 [11]. Displacement damage tolerance is 2.5e8 MeV/g unpowered, which the authors state is not representative of a high duty cycle application because the proton irradiations were unpowered.
MT9P031, Micron. Five megapixel CMOS imager. Ratings: electronic gain 2.5 electrons per DN on a 4096 DN full scale [10]. Qualification: 5 krad(Si) acceptable for an outreach or survey camera under both powered cobalt-60 and unbiased protons, the highest level tested that year. Local dark signal non-uniformity rose from 0.71 to 7.13 DN after 5 krad(Si) of 50 MeV protons, and photo response non-uniformity from about 1.5 to 2.39 percent over 385241 pixels [10].
MT9T031, Micron. Three megapixel CMOS imager. Ratings: electronic gain 26 electrons per DN on a 1024 DN full scale, matching the manufacturer specification and unchanged after unbiased irradiation to 10 krad(Si) [10]. Qualification: 5 krad(Si) acceptable under both routes, with local dark signal non-uniformity rising from 0.181 to 1.69 DN after 5 krad(Si) of protons.
OV3630, OmniVision. Three megapixel CMOS imager. Ratings: electronic gain 55 electrons per DN [10]. Qualification: 5 krad(Si) powered under cobalt-60. Hot pixels created by proton irradiation are not corrected by this part’s on-chip functions and would need off-chip correction [10].
OV3642, OmniVision. The IPEX flight part. Ratings: tested powered in video mode at 10 rad(Si)/s under MIL-STD-883 method 1019 [10]. Qualification: 10 krad(Si) powered, the highest level tested rather than a failure point, and 1.2e8 MeV/g of displacement damage unpowered, equivalent to 5 krad(Si) at 3.16e10 protons/cm2. On-chip defective pixel canceling cut the dark frame spatial standard deviation from 9.713 to 1.222 DN after 5 krad(Si) of protons, against 1.603 and 0.187 DN before irradiation [10]. The 10 krad dark frame data set is invalidated by a register setup error, which the survey records rather than reports around.
OV5633, OmniVision. Five megapixel CMOS imager. Ratings: electronic gain 41 electrons per DN on an 8 bit output [10]. Qualification: 10 krad(Si) powered and 1.2e8 MeV/g unpowered, both the highest levels tested, with imaging qualitatively unchanged. Dark frame spatial standard deviation rose from 0.771 to 4.124 DN after 5 krad(Si) of protons with defective pixel canceling off [10].
TH7890M CCD, Atmel [12]. Multiphase pinned front-illuminated frame transfer CCD, 512 by 512 at 17 micron pixels. Ratings: measured at -85 C with iron-55 X-rays at about 1620 signal electrons [12]. Qualification: mean dark current rose 48 pA/cm2 at 20 C after 4.3e7 MeV/g of displacement damage, averaged over three samples. Vertical charge transfer efficiency after that dose was 0.99957 under 10 MeV electrons and 0.99974 under 50 MeV electrons, from pre-irradiation values of 0.99991 and 0.99993 [12]. The two electron energies deliver equal displacement damage dose and the transfer efficiency results order the wrong way round for non-ionizing energy loss scaling, while mean dark current does scale with it within the measurement spread, a ratio of 1.0 to 1.5 against a predicted 1.42.

The damage signature differs by particle. At the same 5 krad(Si) cumulative dose, cobalt-60 raises the mean dark rate with no noticeable hot pixels while 50 MeV protons produce a distinct high dark rate tail, and the cobalt-60 dark rate did not recover after several weeks of unbiased room temperature annealing [10]. A gamma dose number and a proton dose number are therefore not interchangeable for an imager, whatever the equivalence in rads.

Detectors and optics characterized for a high-dose destination

CBIRD long wavelength infrared photodiode, InAs/GaSb superlattice with a 10.2 micron cutoff [19]. Ratings: peak external quantum efficiency about 0.35 at 7 microns without an antireflection coating, operating at zero applied bias [19]. Qualification: dark current density rose from 5e-5 to 6e-3 A/cm2 at 80 K and 0.1 V after 200 krad of 68 MeV protons, a factor of 120, with an order of magnitude of that appearing in the first 15 krad step. Quantum efficiency at 8.6 microns fell only from 0.24 to 0.21 over the same dose, which the authors explain by a minority carrier diffusion length of 5 to 6 microns against a 2 micron absorber [19]. The operating bias did not shift with dose, and months at ambient recovered the dark current only from 6e-3 to 4e-3 A/cm2, so the damage is proton displacement rather than ionization.
Delta-doped and superlattice-doped silicon detectors, JPL. Ratings: back surface potential set by the doping rather than by oxide charge, which the model puts as stable in quantum efficiency up to an interface and oxide trap density of 1e14 cm-2 [20]. Qualification: superlattice-doped 200 mm CMOS detector wafers held internal quantum efficiency stable to better than 1 percent over 2.1 billion pulses at 193 and 263 nm across several months, with internal quantum efficiency near 100 percent and no measurable hysteresis or persistence [20]. The exposure is an ultraviolet lifetime test and not an ionizing dose test.
H12400-00-01 microPMT, Hamamatsu. Miniature photomultiplier for a capillary electrophoresis fluorescence instrument. Ratings: 3 mm2 photocathode against 324 mm2 on the R7600 tubes it was compared with, biased at -900 V and held at 25 C [21]. Qualification: baseline dark current rose from 2.6 pA to 10.1 nA, four orders of magnitude, after 300 krad delivered at an accelerated 13.5 rad(Si)/s, seventy-five times the Europa design dose rate, on one device with no anneal. Between powered exposures at rates bracketing the 0.170 rad/s design rate, dark current recovered only from an initial 2.2 pA to an average 55.8 pA, so the damage is cumulative as well as prompt [21]. Ultraviolet-grade silica windows produced fewer parasitic photons than borosilicate, and the microPMT was the lowest of the three tubes in output current and noise per square millimeter of photocathode.
QLD-488-50S and DL5146-101S laser diodes, QPhotonics and Sanyo. Gallium nitride laser diodes at 488 and 405 nm for the same instrument [21]. Ratings: five devices each, the 405 nm part monitored through its internal silicon feedback photodiode. Qualification: no change in optical output power or stability after 300 krad of cobalt-60 at 13.5 rad(Si)/s, the 488 nm part unpowered only for lack of facility time and the 405 nm part also run powered at 178 to 275 mrad(Si)/s to 1 krad [21]. The instrument as a whole could not be irradiated, so its estimated fluorescein detection limit under radiation, 45 to 145 pM against a 1 nM mission target, is a combination of the worst-case exposed detector signal with separately recorded noise and assumes a linear response.

References

Wiens, R. C., Maurice, S., Barraclough, B., Saccoccio, M., Barkley, W. C., Bell, I. J. F., Bender, S., Bernardin, J., Blaney, D., Blank, J., Bouyé, M., Bridges, N., Bultman, N., Caïs, P., Clanton, R. C., Clark, B., Clegg, S., Cousin, A., Cremers, D., Cros, A., DeFlores, L., Delapp, D., Dingler, R., D'Uston, C., Dyar, M. D., Elliott, T., Enemark, D., Fabre, C., Flores, M., Forni, O., Gasnault, O., Hale, T., Hays, C., Herkenhoff, K., Kan, E., Kirkland, L., Kouach, D., Landis, D., Langevin, Y., Lanza, N., LaRocca, F., Lasue, J., Latino, J., Limonadi, D., Lindensmith, C., Little, C., Mangold, N., Manhes, G., Mauchien, P., McKay, C., Miller, E., Mooney, J., Morris, R. V., Morrison, L., Nelson, T., Newsom, H., Ollila, A., Ott, M., Pares, L., Perez, R., Poitrasson, F., Provost, C., Reiter, J. W., Roberts, T., Romero, F., Sautter, V., Salazar, S., Simmonds, J. J., Stiglich, R., Storms, S., Striebig, N., Thocaven, J.-J., Trujillo, T., Ulibarri, M., Vaniman, D., Warner, N., Waterbury, R., Whitaker, R., Witt, J. and Wong-Swanson, B. (2012). The ChemCam Instrument Suite on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Rover: Body Unit and Combined System Tests. Space Science Reviews. Source

BibTeX

@article{wiens2012chemcam,
  title = {The ChemCam Instrument Suite on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Rover: Body Unit and Combined System Tests},
  author = {Wiens, Roger C. and Maurice, Sylvestre and Barraclough, Bruce and Saccoccio, Muriel and Barkley, Walter C. and Bell, III, James F. and Bender, Steve and Bernardin, John and Blaney, Diana and Blank, Jennifer and Bouyé, Marc and Bridges, Nathan and Bultman, Nathan and Caïs, Phillippe and Clanton, Robert C. and Clark, Benton and Clegg, Samuel and Cousin, Agnes and Cremers, David and Cros, Alain and DeFlores, Lauren and Delapp, Dorothea and Dingler, Robert and D'Uston, Claude and Dyar, M. Darby and Elliott, Tom and Enemark, Don and Fabre, Cecile and Flores, Mike and Forni, Olivier and Gasnault, Olivier and Hale, Thomas and Hays, Charles and Herkenhoff, Ken and Kan, Ed and Kirkland, Laurel and Kouach, Driss and Landis, David and Langevin, Yves and Lanza, Nina and LaRocca, Frank and Lasue, Jeremie and Latino, Joseph and Limonadi, Daniel and Lindensmith, Chris and Little, Cynthia and Mangold, Nicolas and Manhes, Gerard and Mauchien, Patrick and McKay, Christopher and Miller, Ed and Mooney, Joe and Morris, Richard V. and Morrison, Leland and Nelson, Tony and Newsom, Horton and Ollila, Ann and Ott, Melanie and Pares, Laurent and Perez, René and Poitrasson, Franck and Provost, Cheryl and Reiter, Joseph W. and Roberts, Tom and Romero, Frank and Sautter, Violaine and Salazar, Steven and Simmonds, John J. and Stiglich, Ralph and Storms, Steven and Striebig, Nicolas and Thocaven, Jean-Jacques and Trujillo, Tanner and Ulibarri, Mike and Vaniman, David and Warner, Noah and Waterbury, Rob and Whitaker, Robert and Witt, James and Wong-Swanson, Belinda},
  journal = {Space Science Reviews},
  volume = {170},
  pages = {167--227},
  year = {2012},
  doi = {10.1007/s11214-012-9902-4}
}

Bhartia, R., Beegle, L. W., DeFlores, L., Abbey, W., Razzell Hollis, J., Uckert, K., Monacelli, B., Edgett, K. S., Kennedy, M. R., Sylvia, M., Aldrich, D., Anderson, M., Asher, S. A., Bailey, Z., Boyd, K., Burton, A. S., Caffrey, M., Calaway, M. J., Calvet, R., Cameron, B., Caplinger, M. A., Carrier, B. L., Chen, N., Chen, A., Clark, M. J., Clegg, S., Conrad, P. G., Cooper, M., Davis, K. N., Ehlmann, B., Facto, L., Fries, M. D., Garrison, D. H., Gasway, D., Ghaemi, F. T., Graff, T. G., Hand, K. P., Harris, C., Hein, J. D., Heinz, N., Herzog, H., Hochberg, E., Houck, A., Hug, W. F., Jensen, E. H., Kah, L. C., Kennedy, J., Krylo, R., Lam, J., Lindeman, M., McGlown, J., Michel, J., Miller, E., Mills, Z., Minitti, M. E., Mok, F., Moore, J., Nealson, K. H., Nelson, A., Newell, R., Nixon, B. E., Nordman, D. A., Nuding, D., Orellana, S., Pauken, M., Peterson, G., Pollock, R., Quinn, H., Quinto, C., Ravine, M. A., Reid, R. D., Riendeau, J., Ross, A. J., Sackos, J., Schaffner, J. A., Schwochert, M., Shelton, M. O., Simon, R., Smith, C. L., Sobron, P., Steadman, K., Steele, A., Thiessen, D., Tran, V. D., Tsai, T., Tuite, M., Tung, E., Wehbe, R., Weinberg, R., Weiner, R. H., Wiens, R. C., Williford, K., Wollonciej, C., Wu, Y.-H., Yingst, R. A. and Zan, J. (2021). Perseverance's Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals (SHERLOC) Investigation. Space Science Reviews, 58. Source

BibTeX

@article{bhartia2021perseverance,
  title = {Perseverance's Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals (SHERLOC) Investigation},
  author = {Bhartia, Rohit and Beegle, Luther W. and DeFlores, Lauren and Abbey, William and Razzell Hollis, Joseph and Uckert, Kyle and Monacelli, Brian and Edgett, Kenneth S. and Kennedy, Megan R. and Sylvia, Margarite and Aldrich, David and Anderson, Mark and Asher, Sanford A. and Bailey, Zachary and Boyd, Kerry and Burton, Aaron S. and Caffrey, Michael and Calaway, Michael J. and Calvet, Robert and Cameron, Bruce and Caplinger, Michael A. and Carrier, Brandi L. and Chen, Nataly and Chen, Amy and Clark, Matthew J. and Clegg, Samuel and Conrad, Pamela G. and Cooper, Moogega and Davis, Kristine N. and Ehlmann, Bethany and Facto, Linda and Fries, Marc D. and Garrison, Dan H. and Gasway, Denine and Ghaemi, F. Tony and Graff, Trevor G. and Hand, Kevin P. and Harris, Cathleen and Hein, Jeffrey D. and Heinz, Nicholas and Herzog, Harrison and Hochberg, Eric and Houck, Andrew and Hug, William F. and Jensen, Elsa H. and Kah, Linda C. and Kennedy, John and Krylo, Robert and Lam, Johnathan and Lindeman, Mark and McGlown, Justin and Michel, John and Miller, Ed and Mills, Zachary and Minitti, Michelle E. and Mok, Fai and Moore, James and Nealson, Kenneth H. and Nelson, Anthony and Newell, Raymond and Nixon, Brian E. and Nordman, Daniel A. and Nuding, Danielle and Orellana, Sonny and Pauken, Michael and Peterson, Glen and Pollock, Randy and Quinn, Heather and Quinto, Claire and Ravine, Michael A. and Reid, Ray D. and Riendeau, Joe and Ross, Amy J. and Sackos, Joshua and Schaffner, Jacob A. and Schwochert, Mark and Shelton, Molly O and Simon, Rufus and Smith, Caroline L. and Sobron, Pablo and Steadman, Kimberly and Steele, Andrew and Thiessen, Dave and Tran, Vinh D. and Tsai, Tony and Tuite, Michael and Tung, Eric and Wehbe, Rami and Weinberg, Rachel and Weiner, Ryan H. and Wiens, Roger C. and Williford, Kenneth and Wollonciej, Chris and Wu, Yen-Hung and Yingst, R. Aileen and Zan, Jason},
  journal = {Space Science Reviews},
  volume = {217},
  number = {58},
  year = {2021},
  doi = {10.1007/s11214-021-00812-z}
}

Maurice, S., Wiens, R., Bernardi, P., Caïs, P., Robinson, S., Nelson, T., Gasnault, O., Reess, J.-M., Deleuze, M., Rull, F., Manrique, J.-A., Abbaki, S., Anderson, R., André, Y., Angel, S., Arana, G., Battault, T., Beck, P., Benzerara, K., Bernard, S., Berthias, J.-P., Beyssac, O., Bonafous, M., Bousquet, B., Boutillier, M., Cadu, A., Castro, K., Chapron, F., Chide, B., Clark, K., Clavé, E., Clegg, S., Cloutis, E., Collin, C., Cordoba, E., Cousin, A., Dameury, J.-C., D'Anna, W., Daydou, Y., Debus, A., Deflores, L., Dehouck, E., Delapp, D., De Los Santos, G., Donny, C., Doressoundiram, A., Dromart, G., Dubois, B., Dufour, A., Dupieux, M., Egan, M., Ervin, J., Fabre, C., Fau, A., Fischer, W., Forni, O., Fouchet, T., Frydenvang, J., Gauffre, S., Gauthier, M., Gharakanian, V., Gilard, O., Gontijo, I., Gonzalez, R., Granena, D., Grotzinger, J., Hassen-Khodja, R., Heim, M., Hello, Y., Hervet, G., Humeau, O., Jacob, X., Jacquinod, S., Johnson, J., Kouach, D., Lacombe, G., Lanza, N., Lapauw, L., Laserna, J., Lasue, J., Le Deit, L., Le Mouélic, S., Le Comte, E., Lee, Q.-M., Legett, I. C., Leveille, R., Lewin, E., Leyrat, C., Lopez-Reyes, G., Lorenz, R., Lucero, B., Madariaga, J., Madsen, S., Madsen, M., Mangold, N., Manni, F., Mariscal, J.-F., Martinez-Frias, J., Mathieu, K., Mathon, R., McCabe, K., McConnochie, T., McLennan, S., Mekki, J., Melikechi, N., Meslin, P.-Y., Micheau, Y., Michel, Y., Michel, J., Mimoun, D., Misra, A., Montagnac, G., Montaron, C., Montmessin, F., Moros, J., Mousset, V., Morizet, Y., Murdoch, N., Newell, R., Newsom, H., Nguyen Tuong, N., Ollila, A., Orttner, G., Oudda, L., Pares, L., Parisot, J., Parot, Y., Pérez, R., Pheav, D., Picot, L., Pilleri, P., Pilorget, C., Pinet, P., Pont, G., Poulet, F., Quantin-Nataf, C., Quertier, B., Rambaud, D., Rapin, W., Romano, P., Roucayrol, L., Royer, C., Ruellan, M., Sandoval, B., Sautter, V., Schoppers, M., Schröder, S., Seran, H.-C., Sharma, S., Sobron, P., Sodki, M., Sournac, A., Sridhar, V., Standarovsky, D., Storms, S., Striebig, N., Tatat, M., Toplis, M., Torre-Fdez, I., Toulemont, N., Velasco, C., Veneranda, M., Venhaus, D., Virmontois, C., Viso, M., Willis, P. and Wong, K. (2021). The SuperCam Instrument Suite on the Mars 2020 Rover: Science Objectives and Mast-Unit Description. Space Science Reviews, 47. Source

BibTeX

@article{maurice2021supercam,
  title = {The SuperCam Instrument Suite on the Mars 2020 Rover: Science Objectives and Mast-Unit Description},
  author = {Maurice, S. and Wiens, R.C. and Bernardi, P. and Caïs, P. and Robinson, S. and Nelson, T. and Gasnault, O. and Reess, J.-M. and Deleuze, M. and Rull, F. and Manrique, J.-A. and Abbaki, S. and Anderson, R.B. and André, Y. and Angel, S.M. and Arana, G. and Battault, T. and Beck, P. and Benzerara, K. and Bernard, S. and Berthias, J.-P. and Beyssac, O. and Bonafous, M. and Bousquet, B. and Boutillier, M. and Cadu, A. and Castro, K. and Chapron, F. and Chide, B. and Clark, K. and Clavé, E. and Clegg, S. and Cloutis, E. and Collin, C. and Cordoba, E.C. and Cousin, A. and Dameury, J.-C. and D'Anna, W. and Daydou, Y. and Debus, A. and Deflores, L. and Dehouck, E. and Delapp, D. and De Los Santos, G. and Donny, C. and Doressoundiram, A. and Dromart, G. and Dubois, B. and Dufour, A. and Dupieux, M. and Egan, M. and Ervin, J. and Fabre, C. and Fau, A. and Fischer, W. and Forni, O. and Fouchet, T. and Frydenvang, J. and Gauffre, S. and Gauthier, M. and Gharakanian, V. and Gilard, O. and Gontijo, I. and Gonzalez, R. and Granena, D. and Grotzinger, J. and Hassen-Khodja, R. and Heim, M. and Hello, Y. and Hervet, G. and Humeau, O. and Jacob, X. and Jacquinod, S. and Johnson, J.R. and Kouach, D. and Lacombe, G. and Lanza, N. and Lapauw, L. and Laserna, J. and Lasue, J. and Le Deit, L. and Le Mouélic, S. and Le Comte, E. and Lee, Q.-M. and Legett, IV, C. and Leveille, R. and Lewin, E. and Leyrat, C. and Lopez-Reyes, G. and Lorenz, R. and Lucero, B. and Madariaga, J.M. and Madsen, S. and Madsen, M. and Mangold, N. and Manni, F. and Mariscal, J.-F. and Martinez-Frias, J. and Mathieu, K. and Mathon, R. and McCabe, K.P. and McConnochie, T. and McLennan, S.M. and Mekki, J. and Melikechi, N. and Meslin, P.-Y. and Micheau, Y. and Michel, Y. and Michel, J.M. and Mimoun, D. and Misra, A. and Montagnac, G. and Montaron, C. and Montmessin, F. and Moros, J. and Mousset, V. and Morizet, Y. and Murdoch, N. and Newell, R.T. and Newsom, H. and Nguyen Tuong, N. and Ollila, A.M. and Orttner, G. and Oudda, L. and Pares, L. and Parisot, J. and Parot, Y. and Pérez, R. and Pheav, D. and Picot, L. and Pilleri, P. and Pilorget, C. and Pinet, P. and Pont, G. and Poulet, F. and Quantin-Nataf, C. and Quertier, B. and Rambaud, D. and Rapin, W. and Romano, P. and Roucayrol, L. and Royer, C. and Ruellan, M. and Sandoval, B.F. and Sautter, V. and Schoppers, M.J. and Schröder, S. and Seran, H.-C. and Sharma, S.K. and Sobron, P. and Sodki, M. and Sournac, A. and Sridhar, V. and Standarovsky, D. and Storms, S. and Striebig, N. and Tatat, M. and Toplis, M. and Torre-Fdez, I. and Toulemont, N. and Velasco, C. and Veneranda, M. and Venhaus, D. and Virmontois, C. and Viso, M. and Willis, P. and Wong, K.W.},
  journal = {Space Science Reviews},
  volume = {217},
  number = {47},
  year = {2021},
  doi = {10.1007/s11214-021-00807-w}
}

Edgett, K. S., Yingst, R. A., Ravine, M. A., Caplinger, M. A., Maki, J. N., Ghaemi, F. T., Schaffner, J. A., Bell, I. J. F., Edwards, L. J., Herkenhoff, K. E., Heydari, E., Kah, L. C., Lemmon, M. T., Minitti, M. E., Olson, T. S., Parker, T. J., Rowland, S. K., Schieber, J., Sullivan, R. J., Sumner, D. Y., Thomas, P. C., Jensen, E. H., Simmonds, J. J., Sengstacken, A. J., Willson, R. G. and Goetz, W. (2012). Curiosity's Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) Investigation. Space Science Reviews. Source

BibTeX

@article{edgett2012curiosity,
  title = {Curiosity's Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) Investigation},
  author = {Edgett, Kenneth S. and Yingst, R. Aileen and Ravine, Michael A. and Caplinger, Michael A. and Maki, Justin N. and Ghaemi, F. Tony and Schaffner, Jacob A. and Bell, III, James F. and Edwards, Laurence J. and Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. and Heydari, Ezat and Kah, Linda C. and Lemmon, Mark T. and Minitti, Michelle E. and Olson, Timothy S. and Parker, Timothy J. and Rowland, Scott K. and Schieber, Juergen and Sullivan, Robert J. and Sumner, Dawn Y. and Thomas, Peter C. and Jensen, Elsa H. and Simmonds, John J. and Sengstacken, Aaron J. and Willson, Reg G. and Goetz, Walter},
  journal = {Space Science Reviews},
  volume = {170},
  pages = {259--317},
  year = {2012},
  doi = {10.1007/s11214-012-9910-4}
}

Bell, I. J., Maki, J., Mehall, G., Ravine, M., Caplinger, M., Bailey, Z., Brylow, S., Schaffner, J., Kinch, K., Madsen, M., Winhold, A., Hayes, A., Corlies, P., Tate, C., Barrington, M., Cisneros, E., Jensen, E., Paris, K., Crawford, K., Rojas, C., Mehall, L., Joseph, J., Proton, J., Cluff, N., Deen, R., Betts, B., Cloutis, E., Coates, A., Colaprete, A., Edgett, K., Ehlmann, B., Fagents, S., Grotzinger, J., Hardgrove, C., Herkenhoff, K., Horgan, B., Jaumann, R., Johnson, J., Lemmon, M., Paar, G., Caballo-Perucha, M., Gupta, S., Traxler, C., Preusker, F., Rice, M., Robinson, M., Schmitz, N., Sullivan, R. and Wolff, M. (2021). The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Mast Camera Zoom (Mastcam-Z) Multispectral, Stereoscopic Imaging Investigation. Space Science Reviews, 24. Source

BibTeX

@article{bell2021mars,
  title = {The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Mast Camera Zoom (Mastcam-Z) Multispectral, Stereoscopic Imaging Investigation},
  author = {Bell, III, J.F. and Maki, J.N. and Mehall, G.L. and Ravine, M.A. and Caplinger, M.A. and Bailey, Z.J. and Brylow, S. and Schaffner, J.A. and Kinch, K.M. and Madsen, M.B. and Winhold, A. and Hayes, A.G. and Corlies, P. and Tate, C. and Barrington, M. and Cisneros, E. and Jensen, E. and Paris, K. and Crawford, K. and Rojas, C. and Mehall, L. and Joseph, J. and Proton, J.B. and Cluff, N. and Deen, R.G. and Betts, B. and Cloutis, E. and Coates, A.J. and Colaprete, A. and Edgett, K.S. and Ehlmann, B.L. and Fagents, S. and Grotzinger, J.P. and Hardgrove, C. and Herkenhoff, K.E. and Horgan, B. and Jaumann, R. and Johnson, J.R. and Lemmon, M. and Paar, G. and Caballo-Perucha, M. and Gupta, S. and Traxler, C. and Preusker, F. and Rice, M.S. and Robinson, M.S. and Schmitz, N. and Sullivan, R. and Wolff, M.J.},
  journal = {Space Science Reviews},
  volume = {217},
  number = {24},
  year = {2021},
  doi = {10.1007/s11214-020-00755-x}
}

Blake, D., Vaniman, D., Achilles, C., Anderson, R., Bish, D., Bristow, T., Chen, C., Chipera, S., Crisp, J., Des Marais, D., Downs, R. T., Farmer, J., Feldman, S., Fonda, M., Gailhanou, M., Ma, H., Ming, D. W., Morris, R. V., Sarrazin, P., Stolper, E., Treiman, A. and Yen, A. (2012). Characterization and Calibration of the CheMin Mineralogical Instrument on Mars Science Laboratory. Space Science Reviews. Source

BibTeX

@article{blake2012characterization,
  title = {Characterization and Calibration of the CheMin Mineralogical Instrument on Mars Science Laboratory},
  author = {Blake, David and Vaniman, David and Achilles, Cherie and Anderson, Robert and Bish, David and Bristow, Tom and Chen, Curtis and Chipera, Steve and Crisp, Joy and Des Marais, David and Downs, Robert T. and Farmer, Jack and Feldman, Sabrina and Fonda, Mark and Gailhanou, Marc and Ma, Hongwei and Ming, Doug W. and Morris, Richard V. and Sarrazin, Philippe and Stolper, Ed and Treiman, Allan and Yen, Albert},
  journal = {Space Science Reviews},
  volume = {170},
  pages = {341--399},
  year = {2012},
  doi = {10.1007/s11214-012-9905-1}
}

Wiens, R. C., Maurice, S., Robinson, S. H., Nelson, A. E., Cais, P., Bernardi, P., Newell, R. T., Clegg, S., Sharma, S. K., Storms, S., Deming, J., Beckman, D., Ollila, A. M., Gasnault, O., Anderson, R. B., André, Y., Angel, S. M., Arana, G., Auden, E., Beck, P., Becker, J., Benzerara, K., Bernard, S., Beyssac, O., Borges, L., Bousquet, B., Boyd, K., Caffrey, M., Carlson, J., Castro, K., Celis, J., Chide, B., Clark, K., Cloutis, E., Cordoba, E. C., Cousin, A., Dale, M., Deflores, L., Delapp, D., Deleuze, M., Dirmyer, M., Donny, C., Dromart, G., Duran, M. G., Egan, M., Ervin, J., Fabre, C., Fau, A., Fischer, W., Forni, O., Fouchet, T., Fresquez, R., Frydenvang, J., Gasway, D., Gontijo, I., Grotzinger, J., Jacob, X., Jacquinod, S., Johnson, J. R., Klisiewicz, R. A., Lake, J., Lanza, N., Laserna, J., Lasue, J., Le Mouélic, S., Legett, I. C., Leveille, R., Lewin, E., Lopez-Reyes, G., Lorenz, R., Lorigny, E., Love, S. P., Lucero, B., Madariaga, J. M., Madsen, M., Madsen, S., Mangold, N., Manrique, J. A., Martinez, J., Martinez-Frias, J., McCabe, K. P., McConnochie, T. H., McGlown, J. M., McLennan, S. M., Melikechi, N., Meslin, P.-Y., Michel, J. M., Mimoun, D., Misra, A., Montagnac, G., Montmessin, F., Mousset, V., Murdoch, N., Newsom, H., Ott, L. A., Ousnamer, Z. R., Pares, L., Parot, Y., Pawluczyk, R., Peterson, C. G., Pilleri, P., Pinet, P., Pont, G., Poulet, F., Provost, C., Quertier, B., Quinn, H., Rapin, W., Reess, J.-M., Regan, A. H., Reyes-Newell, A. L., Romano, P. J., Royer, C., Rull, F., Sandoval, B., Sarrao, J. H., Sautter, V., Schoppers, M. J., Schröder, S., Seitz, D., Shepherd, T., Sobron, P., Dubois, B., Sridhar, V., Toplis, M. J., Torre-Fdez, I., Trettel, I. A., Underwood, M., Valdez, A., Valdez, J., Venhaus, D. and Willis, P. (2021). The SuperCam Instrument Suite on the NASA Mars 2020 Rover: Body Unit and Combined System Tests. Space Science Reviews, 4. Source

BibTeX

@article{wiens2021supercam,
  title = {The SuperCam Instrument Suite on the NASA Mars 2020 Rover: Body Unit and Combined System Tests},
  author = {Wiens, Roger C. and Maurice, Sylvestre and Robinson, Scott H. and Nelson, Anthony E. and Cais, Philippe and Bernardi, Pernelle and Newell, Raymond T. and Clegg, Sam and Sharma, Shiv K. and Storms, Steven and Deming, Jonathan and Beckman, Darrel and Ollila, Ann M. and Gasnault, Olivier and Anderson, Ryan B. and André, Yves and Angel, S. Michael and Arana, Gorka and Auden, Elizabeth and Beck, Pierre and Becker, Joseph and Benzerara, Karim and Bernard, Sylvain and Beyssac, Olivier and Borges, Louis and Bousquet, Bruno and Boyd, Kerry and Caffrey, Michael and Carlson, Jeffrey and Castro, Kepa and Celis, Jorden and Chide, Baptiste and Clark, Kevin and Cloutis, Edward and Cordoba, Elizabeth C. and Cousin, Agnes and Dale, Magdalena and Deflores, Lauren and Delapp, Dorothea and Deleuze, Muriel and Dirmyer, Matthew and Donny, Christophe and Dromart, Gilles and Duran, M. George and Egan, Miles and Ervin, Joan and Fabre, Cecile and Fau, Amaury and Fischer, Woodward and Forni, Olivier and Fouchet, Thierry and Fresquez, Reuben and Frydenvang, Jens and Gasway, Denine and Gontijo, Ivair and Grotzinger, John and Jacob, Xavier and Jacquinod, Sophie and Johnson, Jeffrey R. and Klisiewicz, Roberta A. and Lake, James and Lanza, Nina and Laserna, Javier and Lasue, Jeremie and Le Mouélic, Stéphane and Legett, IV, Carey and Leveille, Richard and Lewin, Eric and Lopez-Reyes, Guillermo and Lorenz, Ralph and Lorigny, Eric and Love, Steven P. and Lucero, Briana and Madariaga, Juan Manuel and Madsen, Morten and Madsen, Soren and Mangold, Nicolas and Manrique, Jose Antonio and Martinez, J.P. and Martinez-Frias, Jesus and McCabe, Kevin P. and McConnochie, Timothy H. and McGlown, Justin M. and McLennan, Scott M. and Melikechi, Noureddine and Meslin, Pierre-Yves and Michel, John M. and Mimoun, David and Misra, Anupam and Montagnac, Gilles and Montmessin, Franck and Mousset, Valerie and Murdoch, Naomi and Newsom, Horton and Ott, Logan A. and Ousnamer, Zachary R. and Pares, Laurent and Parot, Yann and Pawluczyk, Rafal and Peterson, C. Glen and Pilleri, Paolo and Pinet, Patrick and Pont, Gabriel and Poulet, Francois and Provost, Cheryl and Quertier, Benjamin and Quinn, Heather and Rapin, William and Reess, Jean-Michel and Regan, Amy H. and Reyes-Newell, Adriana L. and Romano, Philip J. and Royer, Clement and Rull, Fernando and Sandoval, Benigno and Sarrao, Joseph H. and Sautter, Violaine and Schoppers, Marcel J. and Schröder, Susanne and Seitz, Daniel and Shepherd, Terra and Sobron, Pablo and Dubois, Bruno and Sridhar, Vishnu and Toplis, Michael J. and Torre-Fdez, Imanol and Trettel, Ian A. and Underwood, Mark and Valdez, Andres and Valdez, Jacob and Venhaus, Dawn and Willis, Peter},
  journal = {Space Science Reviews},
  volume = {217},
  number = {4},
  year = {2021},
  doi = {10.1007/s11214-020-00777-5}
}

Schuler, J. M., Smith, J. D., Nick, A. J., Buckles, B. C., Dyas, J. E., Ortega, V. V., Cloud, J. M., Dokos, A. G., Zhang, E. L., Wang, J. J., Baron, M. A., Muller, T. J., Clark, C. J. and Howe, M. W. (2024). ISRU Pilot Excavator (IPEx) Technology Readiness Level 5 Design Overview. NASA, 20240008162. Source

BibTeX

@inproceedings{schuler2024isru,
  title = {ISRU Pilot Excavator (IPEx) Technology Readiness Level 5 Design Overview},
  author = {Schuler, Jason M. and Smith, Jonathan D. and Nick, Andrew J. and Buckles, Bradley C. and Dyas, Jeffrey E. and Ortega, Victoria V. and Cloud, Joseph M. and Dokos, Adam G. and Zhang, Elizabeth L. and Wang, Jerry J. and Baron, Michael A. and Muller, Thomas J. and Clark, Casey J. and Howe, Musashi W.},
  year = {2024},
  institution = {NASA},
  number = {20240008162},
  url = {https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20240008162},
  booktitle = {AIAA AVIATION FORUM AND ASCEND 2024},
  doi = {10.2514/6.2024-4890}
}

Maki, J. N., Gruel, D., McKinney, C., Ravine, M. A., Morales, M., Lee, D., Willson, R., Copley-Woods, D., Valvo, M., Goodsall, T., McGuire, J., Sellar, R. G., Schaffner, J. A., Caplinger, M. A., Shamah, J. M., Johnson, A. E., Ansari, H., Singh, K., Litwin, T., Deen, R., Culver, A., Ruoff, N., Petrizzo, D., Kessler, D., Basset, C., Estlin, T., Alibay, F., Nelessen, A. and Algermissen, S. (2020). The Mars 2020 Engineering Cameras and Microphone on the Perseverance Rover: A Next-Generation Imaging System for Mars Exploration. Space Science Reviews, 137. Source

BibTeX

@article{maki2020mars,
  title = {The Mars 2020 Engineering Cameras and Microphone on the Perseverance Rover: A Next-Generation Imaging System for Mars Exploration},
  author = {Maki, J. N. and Gruel, D. and McKinney, C. and Ravine, M. A. and Morales, M. and Lee, D. and Willson, R. and Copley-Woods, D. and Valvo, M. and Goodsall, T. and McGuire, J. and Sellar, R. G. and Schaffner, J. A. and Caplinger, M. A. and Shamah, J. M. and Johnson, A. E. and Ansari, H. and Singh, K. and Litwin, T. and Deen, R. and Culver, A. and Ruoff, N. and Petrizzo, D. and Kessler, D. and Basset, C. and Estlin, T. and Alibay, F. and Nelessen, A. and Algermissen, S.},
  journal = {Space Science Reviews},
  volume = {216},
  number = {137},
  year = {2020},
  doi = {10.1007/s11214-020-00765-9},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/33268910}
}

Becker, H. N., Alexander, J. W., Dolphin, M. D., Eisenman, A. R., Salomon, P. M., Selva, L. E. and Thorbourn, D. O. (2009). Commercial Sensor Survey Fiscal Year 2009 master compendium radiation test report. Source

BibTeX

@inproceedings{becker2009commercial,
  title = {Commercial Sensor Survey Fiscal Year 2009 master compendium radiation test report},
  author = {Becker, Heidi N. and Alexander, James W. and Dolphin, Michael D. and Eisenman, Allan R. and Salomon, Phil M. and Selva, Luis E. and Thorbourn, Dennis O.},
  year = {2009},
  booktitle = {JPL Open Repository},
  url = {https://hdl.handle.net/2014/41470}
}

Becker, H. N., Thorbourn, D. O., Alexander, J. W. and Eisenman, A. R. (2010). Commercial sensor survey Fiscal Year 2010 radiation test report. Source

BibTeX

@inproceedings{becker2010commercial,
  title = {Commercial sensor survey Fiscal Year 2010 radiation test report},
  author = {Becker, Heidi N. and Thorbourn, Dennis O. and Alexander, James W. and Eisenman, Allan R.},
  year = {2010},
  booktitle = {JPL Open Repository},
  url = {https://hdl.handle.net/2014/41674}
}

Becker, H. N., Elliott, T. and Alexander, J. W. (2006). Electron-induced displacement damage effects in CCDs. Source

BibTeX

@inproceedings{becker2006electron,
  title = {Electron-induced displacement damage effects in CCDs},
  author = {Becker, Heidi N. and Elliott, Tom and Alexander, James W.},
  year = {2006},
  booktitle = {JPL Open Repository},
  url = {https://hdl.handle.net/2014/39815}
}

Tatsumi, E., Kouyama, T., Suzuki, H., Yamada, M., Sakatani, N., Kameda, S., Yokota, Y., Honda, R., Morota, T., Moroi, K., Tanabe, N., Kamiyoshihara, H., Ishida, M., Yoshioka, K., Sato, H., Honda, C., Hayakawa, M., Kitazato, K., Sawada, H. and Sugita, S. (2019). Updated inflight calibration of Hayabusa2's optical navigation camera (ONC) for scientific observations during the cruise phase. Icarus. Source

BibTeX

@article{tatsumi2019updated,
  title = {Updated inflight calibration of Hayabusa2's optical navigation camera (ONC) for scientific observations during the cruise phase},
  author = {Tatsumi, Eri and Kouyama, Toru and Suzuki, Hidehiko and Yamada, Manabu and Sakatani, Naoya and Kameda, Shingo and Yokota, Yasuhiro and Honda, Rie and Morota, Tomokatsu and Moroi, Keiichi and Tanabe, Naoya and Kamiyoshihara, Hiroaki and Ishida, Marika and Yoshioka, Kazuo and Sato, Hiroyuki and Honda, Chikatoshi and Hayakawa, Masahiko and Kitazato, Kohei and Sawada, Hirotaka and Sugita, Seiji},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Icarus},
  volume = {325},
  pages = {153-195},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  doi = {10.1016/j.icarus.2019.01.015},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2019.01.015}
}

Coates, A., Jaumann, R., Griffiths, A., Leff, C., Schmitz, N., Josset, J.-L., Paar, G., Gunn, M., Hauber, E., Cousins, C., Cross, R., Grindrod, P., Bridges, J., Balme, M., Gupta, S., Crawford, I., Irwin, P., Stabbins, R., Tirsch, D., Vago, J., Theodorou, T., Caballo-Perucha, M., Osinski, G. and the PanCam Team. (2017). The PanCam Instrument for the ExoMars Rover. Astrobiology, 6-7. Source

BibTeX

@article{coates2017pancam,
  title = {The PanCam Instrument for the ExoMars Rover},
  author = {Coates, A.J. and Jaumann, R. and Griffiths, A.D. and Leff, C.E. and Schmitz, N. and Josset, J.-L. and Paar, G. and Gunn, M. and Hauber, E. and Cousins, C.R. and Cross, R.E. and Grindrod, P. and Bridges, J.C. and Balme, M. and Gupta, S. and Crawford, I.A. and Irwin, P. and Stabbins, R. and Tirsch, D. and Vago, J.L. and Theodorou, T. and Caballo-Perucha, M. and Osinski, G.R. and {the PanCam Team}},
  journal = {Astrobiology},
  volume = {17},
  number = {6-7},
  pages = {511--541},
  year = {2017},
  doi = {10.1089/ast.2016.1548},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5568594}
}

Pyrak, M. and Duden, Q. (2022). Use of a Commercial GEO Servicing Vehicle for Space Domain Awareness Data Collection. Source

BibTeX

@inproceedings{pyrak2022use,
  title = {Use of a Commercial GEO Servicing Vehicle for Space Domain Awareness Data Collection},
  author = {Pyrak, Matt and Duden, Quenten},
  year = {2022},
  booktitle = {Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies (AMOS) Conference},
  url = {https://amostech.com/TechnicalPapers/2022/Poster/Pyrak.pdf}
}

Rodríguez-Martínez, D., van der Meer, D., Song, J., Bera, A., Pérez-del-Pulgar, C. J. and Olivares-Mendez, M. A. (2026). SPICE-HL3: Single-Photon, Inertial, and Stereo Camera Dataset for Exploration of High-Latitude Lunar Landscapes. Scientific Data. Source

BibTeX

@article{rodriguezmartinez2026spice,
  author = {Rodr{\'i}guez-Mart{\'i}nez, David and van der Meer, Dave and Song, Junlin and Bera, Abhishek and P{\'e}rez-del-Pulgar, Carlos J. and Olivares-Mendez, Miguel Angel},
  title = {{SPICE-HL3}: Single-Photon, Inertial, and Stereo Camera Dataset for Exploration of High-Latitude Lunar Landscapes},
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {374},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-026-06668-8},
  url = {https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/68013}
}

Balaram, J., Scheid, R. E. and T.Salomon, P. (1996). On-Board Perception System For Planetary Aerobot Balloon Navigation. JPL Open Repository. Source

BibTeX

@inproceedings{balaram1996board,
  title = {On-Board Perception System For Planetary Aerobot Balloon Navigation},
  author = {Balaram, J. and Scheid, Robert E. and T.Salomon, Phil},
  year = {1996},
  booktitle = {Orlando, Florida, USA},
  url = {https://hdl.handle.net/2014/26125},
  publisher = {JPL Open Repository}
}

Chien, S., Doubleday, J., Ortega, K., Flatley, T., Crum, G., Geist, A., Lin, M., Williams, A., Bellardo, J., Puig-Suari, J., Stanton, E. and Yee, E. (2012). Onboard processing and autonomous operations on the IPEX Cubesat. JPL Open Repository. Source

BibTeX

@inproceedings{chien2012onboarda,
  title = {Onboard processing and autonomous operations on the IPEX Cubesat},
  author = {Chien, Steve and Doubleday, Joshua and Ortega, Kevin and Flatley, Tom and Crum, Gary and Geist, Alessandro and Lin, Michael and Williams, Austin and Bellardo, John and Puig-Suari, Jordi and Stanton, Eric and Yee, Edmond},
  year = {2012},
  booktitle = {4th Annual Government Forum on CubeSats (GFC), Greenbelt, Maryland, April 16, 2012.},
  publisher = {JPL Open Repository},
  url = {https://hdl.handle.net/2014/42581}
}

Oborny, N. J., Kehl, F., Cretu, V., Noell, A. C. and Willis, P. A. (2021). A Radiation Tolerant Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection System for a Potential Europa Lander Mission. JPL Open Repository. Source

BibTeX

@inproceedings{oborny2021radiation,
  title = {A Radiation Tolerant Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection System for a Potential Europa Lander Mission},
  author = {Oborny, Nathan J. and Kehl, Florian and Cretu, Vlad and Noell, Aaron C. and Willis, Peter A.},
  year = {2021},
  booktitle = {Acta Astronautica},
  doi = {10.48577/jpl.ZN6ZVR},
  publisher = {JPL Open Repository}
}

Soibel, A., Rafol, S. B., Khoshakhlagh, A., Nguyen, J., Hogland, L., Fisher, A., Keo, S. A., Ting, D. Z.-Y. and Gunapala, S. D. (2016). Radiation tolerance studies of long wavelength infrared InAs/GaSb detectors. JPL Open Repository. Source

BibTeX

@inproceedings{soibel2016radiation,
  title = {Radiation tolerance studies of long wavelength infrared InAs/GaSb detectors},
  author = {Soibel, Alexander and Rafol, Sir B. and Khoshakhlagh, Arezou and Nguyen, Jean and Hogland, Linda and Fisher, Anita and Keo, Sam A. and Ting, David Z.-Y. and Gunapala, Sarath D.},
  year = {2016},
  booktitle = {SPIE Photonics West, San Francisco, California, February 13-18, 2016},
  publisher = {JPL Open Repository},
  url = {https://hdl.handle.net/2014/46049}
}

Michael Hoenk. (2023). Stability and photometric accuracy of CMOS image sensors in space: Radiation damage, surface charge and quantum confinement in silicon detectors. Source

BibTeX

@inproceedings{hoenk2023stability,
  title = {Stability and photometric accuracy of CMOS image sensors in space: Radiation damage, surface charge and quantum confinement in silicon detectors},
  author = {Michael Hoenk},
  year = {2023},
  booktitle = {JPL Open Repository},
  doi = {10.48577/jpl.uncdrz},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.48577/jpl.UNCDRZ}
}

Imagers and Optics

Detectors and optics selected and flown

Ratings and qualification results

Screening recipes and detector aging

Optics and mounting

Mast pointing, expected and achieved

Engineering and navigation camera detectors

Ratings and qualification results

Commercial CMOS imagers characterized against total dose and displacement damage

Campaign results

Detectors and optics characterized for a high-dose destination

References